Paper arXiv:2610.39497 · cs.AI · Submitted · PDF ↗
Research paper
Does Scaling Toward AGI Depend on What System-1 Lets System-2 Execute?
Qi Wang, Yun Qu, Lizhou Cai, Heming Zou, Haoang Chi, Yiqin Lv, Xiang Li, Haiyan Feng, Mengyu Ge, Yize Geng, Yuhang Jiang, Yixiu Mao, and 1 more
Abstract
Progress toward artificial general intelligence (AGI) has largely relied on scaling a resource-intensive executive, System-2, through larger models, more data and compute, longer reasoning, and more agents. We ask whether the next stage may come instead from co-designing it with System-1, a lightweight, semantically aware predictor that evaluates candidate interactions before execution, so that System-2 acts only on those worth their cost. Our answer is a qualified yes. We study \textit{conditional interaction}, a predict--gate--execute--update loop: System-1 estimates each candidate's utility, System-2 executes those admitted by an adaptive threshold, and the outcomes update System-1. The loop spans training, test-time reasoning, adaptive decision-making, and agentic tool use, with utility and cost defined by the application. Under ideal screening and equal execution costs, execution compute falls by a factor approaching $1/ρ_u$, where $ρ_u$ is the density of utility-relevant interactions (cost-weighted when costs differ); prediction errors, exploration, and distribution shift reduce the saving. We bound selection regret by predictor error and the utility margin. These results motivate our central hypothesis: $ρ_u$ is a measurable coordinate of scaling efficiency and makes informative compute a better description of scaling than total compute.
The paper
Shown as arXiv serves it. Open it full screen ↗ · Download the PDF ↗